IOSR-JEF   Volume-6 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

Abstract: Most of African countries are committed for over a decade in decentralization reforms that promote better management of local public affairs. This significant development of local institutional landscape is materialized through greater autonomy in financial and administrative management of communes. The management of financial resources therefore constitutes the pillars for local authorities concerning the local sustainable development. However, with the evolution, the general observation is made that indicates that the financial capacity of municipalities remain low. Moreover, the decentralization is now a major subject for developing countries especially in the context of policies against poverty and exclusion. It can play a great role in a country's development and it has become an important political agenda in many developing countries. This form of transferring power from the central government to the local should help Madagascar in its development. Decentralization permits the rural communes to manage their own financial resources and their expenses. However, the local level is considered to be a central issue for the success of development policies and the fight against poverty in Madagascar as in other African Countries. This paper analyses the repercussions of the financial management on local municipalities in Madagascar and proposes solutions through which it can be improved. Moreover, the good governance for the States is sometimes reflected by a good financial management and transparency concerning public administration in general. Also, improving the management in the rural area is an essential way to ameliorate development in Madagascar.

Keywords: Madagascar, decentralization, communes,financial management,governance, transparency

Abstract: Malnutrition is identified by a weight for height indicator within a given population, or by a measurement of a child's mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC). If dietary deficiencies are persistent, children will stop growing and become stunted (low height for one's age). This is referred to as chronic malnutrition. If they experience weight loss or 'wasting' (low weight for one's height), they are described as suffering from acute malnutrition. India's ICDS scheme The Integrated Child Development Scheme is perhaps the largest of all food and supplementation programmes in the world and was set up as an institutional response to the problem of malnutrition in India. Initiated in 1975, the ICDS was mandated with improving the health and nutrition status of children up to the age of six by providing supplementary food and by coordinating with state health departments to ensure delivery of required health inputs. Under the ICDS, cooked food is provided to children through anganwadi (community) centre's. One centre is provided for a population of 1000 (700 in the case of tribal areas). Fifty million children aged six and below are covered under this Rs.45 billion outreach programme. There has been much research on the benefit of micronutrient replacement and the promotion of breastfeeding as ways to prevent malnutrition and its complications in children. The study found the income level is lesser than national average. Even though there is a minimum availability of nutritious food to children's, majority of them are found to be malnourished.

Keywords: Poverty Measurement, Body Mass Index, Chronic Energy Deficiency, Malnutrition.

Abstract: The conditions for growth and the degree of inequality are two key factors that determine the extent of poverty reduction from per capita economic growth. The lower the inequality levels the more positive effect economic growth has on poverty levels. The link between economic development and human development is dependent on the effectiveness of countries to convert income into better lives for all their citizens (UNDP 2000). The international development target of halving the proportion of people living in extreme poverty by 2015 can be attained by low-inequality countries without any change in their growth pattern and with lower growth rates. However, high-inequality countries will only reach the target if growth is pro-poor and significantly higher than in the past (twice that of low-inequality countries). If all countries belonged to the low-inequality group then a forecasted growth of four per cent per annum would realize the target as early as 2005 (Hanmer et al 2000). So, this paper explores the idea of development and reduction of poverty, vulnerability and inequality by micro insurance in India.

Key words:Micro insurance, poverty, development, vulnerability, inequality